How Did Shakespeare Shape Modern English with New Words and Phrases?
William Shakespeare, often referred to as the greatest writer in the English language, significantly influenced the development of modern English. His works introduced hundreds of new words and phrases that are still in use today. Through his creativity, linguistic dexterity, and deep understanding of human nature, Shakespeare enriched the English language and helped shape its evolution.
Shakespeare's Contribution to Vocabulary
- Introduction of New Words: Shakespeare is credited with coining or popularising many words in English that did not exist before his time. He had a unique ability to take existing words and transform them into new forms or create entirely new ones by combining words or altering them. He is believed to have introduced over 1,700 words to the English language, many of which have become essential parts of modern vocabulary.
- Examples of Shakespeare's Words:
- Assassination: The word "assassination" appears for the first time in Shakespeare's play Macbeth (1606), describing the murder of a king. It has since become a standard term for politically motivated murder.
- Lonely: In Coriolanus (1605), Shakespeare introduced the adjective "lonely," describing the feeling of solitude. Today, it is commonly used to describe both the state of being alone and the emotional aspect of isolation.
- Swagger: The word "swagger" was first used by Shakespeare in A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595). It refers to walking or behaving in a very confident, often arrogant manner, and is still widely used today.
- Bedazzled: Shakespeare used "bedazzled" in The Taming of the Shrew (1593). Today, it describes something that is dazzling or impressively bright, often used metaphorically to describe someone being overwhelmed or amazed.
Creation of Idioms and Phrases
- Popularising Idioms: In addition to creating new words, Shakespeare also gave birth to numerous idiomatic expressions that are still used regularly. His plays are rich with phrases that convey complex emotions and ideas in a concise way, and many of these expressions have become ingrained in the English language.
- Examples of Shakespeare's Phrases:
- “Break the ice”: This expression, which means to initiate conversation in a social setting, was first used in The Taming of the Shrew (1593). It refers to breaking the metaphorical ice in interactions to make people feel more comfortable.
- “Wild-goose chase”: In Romeo and Juliet (1597), Shakespeare used the phrase "wild-goose chase" to describe a futile or hopeless pursuit. Today, it refers to any endeavor that is likely to end in failure or disappointment.
- “The world is your oyster”: In The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602), Shakespeare used this phrase to suggest that the world is full of opportunities for those who are daring and adventurous. It is still commonly used to inspire confidence in someone starting a new chapter in life.
- “In a pickle”: In The Tempest (1611), Shakespeare wrote the phrase "in a pickle," which means to be in a difficult or troublesome situation. It has remained a popular expression in modern English.
Shakespeare's Influence on English Syntax and Structure
- Flexible Word Order: Shakespeare’s works demonstrate a flexible approach to word order, which was common in Early Modern English but has since evolved. He often rearranged the conventional subject-verb-object structure to achieve dramatic or poetic effects. This flexibility allowed Shakespeare to experiment with language and create rhythm, rhyme, and emphasis.
- Expanding the Use of Metaphor: Shakespeare's extensive use of metaphor was revolutionary. He used metaphors to enrich the language, making it more expressive. For instance, in Julius Caesar (1599), Shakespeare famously wrote, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves.” This metaphorical use of “stars” became a common expression to refer to fate and destiny.
- Inventing New Forms of Expression: Shakespeare often invented new ways to express emotions, actions, or ideas, expanding the scope of what language could do. His use of soliloquies, such as Hamlet’s famous “To be, or not to be” speech, also transformed English dramatic literature by giving depth and psychological insight into characters’ minds.
The Lasting Impact of Shakespeare's Language
- Shakespeare's Language Today: Shakespeare’s influence on English is undeniable, and his works continue to shape the language we use today. His contributions to vocabulary, idioms, and syntax are deeply embedded in everyday English, whether it is in literature, speeches, or casual conversations.
- Shakespearean Expressions in Modern Culture: Many of Shakespeare's words and phrases have found their way into popular culture and are used in contemporary settings. For example, “All that glitters is not gold,” from The Merchant of Venice (1596), and “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” from Romeo and Juliet (1597), are widely quoted and have become part of everyday speech.
- Shakespeare and English Literature: Shakespeare’s language helped to standardise English and expand its expressive range, influencing not only contemporary writers but also later generations of writers and poets. His ability to manipulate the English language and create new expressions has made him a central figure in the study of English literature and linguistics.
Shakespeare's Impact on Modern Media and Language
- Films, TV, and Advertising: Many modern films, television shows, and advertisements draw inspiration from Shakespeare’s works. Lines from his plays are often quoted or referenced, and his characters have been reimagined in countless adaptations. For example, West Side Story (1957) is a modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet, and numerous films have been based on the themes and characters from Shakespeare's plays.
- Shakespeare’s Influence in the Digital Age: In today’s digital age, Shakespeare's influence remains strong. Social media posts, memes, and viral content often reference his famous phrases or rework his language to suit modern sensibilities. His words continue to shape not just formal English but the way people communicate informally, even online.
